Tłumaczenie prawnicze – działanie wielowymiarowe

Legal translation is a highly skilled task. It has even been described as the “ultimate linguistic challenge” (Harvey 2002: 177). However, law firms or corporations that procure translations from self- employed translation practitioners often find the intricacies of the task difficult to perceive. Following extensive fieldwork examining how legal translation is commissioned and performed in ‘outstitutional’ contexts, I have developed a multidimensional model which illustrates the legal translator’s textual agency, aimed at conveying the complexities of translation performance to clients and other stakeholders. It may also serve to train fledgling legal translators, and to heighten practising translators’ awareness of their overall task. The impetus for the model sprang primarily from findings of serious information asymmetry and goal divergence in the market, and evidence that actors involved do not grasp (a) the need for legal translators to be fully briefed, or (b) the layers of skills involved. Tłumaczenie prawne jest zadaniem wymagającym wysokich kwalifikacji. Zostało nawet opisane jako „największe wyzwanie językowe” (Harvey 2002: 177). Jednak firmy prawnicze lub korporacje, które zamawiają tłumaczenia od samozatrudnionych tłumaczy często nie zauważają zawiłości tego zadania. Po przeprowadzeniu szeroko zakrojonych badań terenowych, analizując, w jaki sposób zlecane jest tłumaczenie prawne i przeprowadzane w kontekście „pozainstytucjonalnym”, opracowałam wielowymiarowy model, który ilustruje złożoności wykonania tłumaczenia. Może również służyć kształceniu początkujących tłumaczy prawniczych i zwiększaniu świadomości tłumaczy na temat ich zadania.

TRANSLATION IN LIBEL CASES: REPUTATIONS AT STAKE!

Abstract: In this paper we examine translation arising in court cases involving reputational damage. A diachronic and tightly focused cross-jurisdictional selection of examples from case law is used to highlight the range of ways in which translation can be employed, blamed, or relied upon by the parties and by the courts, and we glimpse how translations can be a source of libel, a defence against libel, or a gateway to libellous material, how crucial translation can be in protecting or damaging reputations, and how significantly it can affect a case’s outcome. We apply Engberg’s lens for communication in legal contexts, distinguishing micro, meso and macro occurrences of translation at publisher/business/individual, judicial, and State levels. Recurring translation-related topics either mooted by courts or arising in our analysis are then outlined, including: competing translations; translation techniques; translator identification; online translation; how the acceptance of jurisdiction may be influenced by translation requirements; and how judges approach decision-making when foreign language documents and translation are involved.Abstract: In this paper we examine translation arising in court cases involving reputational damage. A diachronic and tightly focused cross-jurisdictional selection of examples from case law is used to highlight the range of ways in which translation can be employed, blamed, or relied upon by the parties and by the courts, and we glimpse how translations can be a source of libel, a defence against libel, or a gateway to libellous material, how crucial translation can be in protecting or damaging reputations, and how significantly it can affect a case’s outcome. We apply Engberg’s lens for communication in legal contexts, distinguishing micro, meso and macro occurrences of translation at publisher/business/individual, judicial, and State levels. Recurring translation-related topics either mooted by courts or arising in our analysis are then outlined, including: competing translations; translation techniques; translator identification; online translation; how the acceptance of jurisdiction may be influenced by translation requirements; and how judges approach decision-making when foreign language documents and translation are involved

Legal Translation Training – A Way Forward for Aspiring Lawyers in a Clogged Job Market?

In a competitive and congested job market, this paper examines new career opportunities open to linguistically minded young lawyers. Globalization has led to a soaring demand for the translation of legal documents, and we are now at a fork in the road – on the one hand bespoke automated systems are able to handle large volumes for discovery and information purposes translation, whilst on the other expert lawyer-linguists are needed to work on major cases, multilingual legislation and at international courts. Market stimulus and moves to professionalize legal translation have led to lawyer-linguist training being offered jointly by law and language faculties. Examples of innovative education programs will be discussed, as will various interpretations of the role of ‘lawyer-linguist’. Legal translation is the ultimate legal and linguistic challenge – a gauntlet waiting to be picked up by a new generation as part of a fully globalized mature legal services market

The Pernicious Effects of Terms Used for and by the Legal Translation Profession

This paper posits that the terminology used for and by the legal translation profession is not without significance, and may affect perceived status, professionalization, empowerment, and even remuneration. Serious signalling issues in the translation profession as a whole were brought to the fore in a study by Pym et al (2012), while Katan (2011a) reported on a widespread perception of low status by translators themselves. Facilitators and barriers to translators’ professionalization and empowerment have been investigated extensively (e.g., Dam & Koskinen, 2016; Dam & Zethsen, 2010; Sela-Sheffy, 2011), while in recent years there has been a discernable downward pressure on the amount that clients seem willing to pay for legal translation. It would appear, however, that there is little discussion in the literature of the actual terms used within the legal translation procurement process and for the actors involved. As a short illustration in English: we may establish a cline going from “asset”, “resource”, “vendor”, “freelancer”, “supplier”, and “provider” to “professional” or “practitioner”, and consider how such terms are applied to the translation and legal professions and the very different signals that are transmitted (Scott, 2015). Further examples from a recent global survey of stakeholders in the outsourced legal translation market (Scott, 2016a) are also examined. Conclusions will be drawn regarding the potential of concepts such as occupational branding (Ashcraft et al, 2012), and the implications of terminological awareness for legal translator training programmes, professional bodies, and for individual legal translators

Hollow-fiber membrane technology: Characterization and proposed use as a potential mimic of skin vascularization towards the development of a novel skin absorption in vitro model

Dermal bioavailability is currently estimated through skin penetration studies using ex vivo models, which lack any measure of capillary bed function, and thus do not fully reproduce physiological conditions. We propose a novel strategy to mimic skin vascularization using newly fabricated hollow fibers made from a biocompatible membrane material, polystyrene, which is hydrophobic if left untreated, or hydrophilic when its surface polarity is modified through plasma-treatment. Caffeine has been well studied in skin penetration assays and was used here to determine the permeation properties of the hollow fibers in a novel jacketed glass bioreactor. For hydrophobic fibers, approximately 87.2 % of the caffeine dose did not penetrate the porous surface; 0.2 % of the dose was collected after 24 h (permeated through the pores), and therefore 12.6 % of the initial dose was suspected to block the membrane. For hydrophilic fibers, both the percentage of the initial dose that permeated and that of blocking caffeine increased to 1.2 % and 35.2 % respectively. It was concluded that caffeine permeated the hollow fibers at similar times of clearance to those observed in vivo, and therefore shows that this new model could provide a surrogate for capillary-based clearance in in vitro skin absorption studies

Harmful Algae Bloom Identification Laboratory for Virginia Shellfish Hatcheries and Nurseries

HAB Identification Laboratory Training Module This laboratory is one part of a collaborative effort funded by NOAA Sea Grant to deliver timely and practical shellfish culture information to the commercial industr

Epidemia:An R Package for Semi-Mechanistic Bayesian Modelling of Infectious Diseases using Point Processes

This article introduces epidemia, an R package for Bayesian, regression-oriented modeling of infectious diseases. The implemented models define a likelihood for all observed data while also explicitly modeling transmission dynamics: an approach often termed as semi-mechanistic. Infections are propagated over time using renewal equations. This approach is inspired by self-exciting, continuous-time point processes such as the Hawkes process. A variety of inferential tasks can be performed using the package. Key epidemiological quantities, including reproduction numbers and latent infections, may be estimated within the framework. The models may be used to evaluate the determinants of changes in transmission rates, including the effects of control measures. Epidemic dynamics may be simulated either from a fitted model or a prior model; allowing for prior/posterior predictive checks, experimentation, and forecasting

Burrowing owls, Pulex irritans and plague

Western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) are small, ground-dwelling owls ofwestern North America that frequent prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) towns and other grasslands.As they rely on rodent prey and occupy burrows once or concurrently inhabited by fossorialmammals, the owls often harbor fleas. We examined the potential role of fleas found onburrowing owls in plague dynamics by evaluating prevalence of Yersinia pestis in fleas and inowl blood. During 2012-2013 fleas and blood were collected from burrowing owls in portionsof five states with endemic plague: Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, and South Dakota.Fleas were enumerated, taxonomically identified, pooled by nest and assayed for Y. pestis usingculturing and molecular (PCR) approaches. Owl blood underwent serological analysis for plagueantibodies and nested PCR for detection of Y. pestis. Of \u3e4750 fleas collected from owls, Pulexirritans, a known plague vector in portions of its range, comprised more than 99.4%. However,diagnostic tests for Y. pestis of flea pools (culturing and PCR) and owl blood (PCR and serology)were negative. Thus, despite that fleas were prevalent on burrowing owls, and the potentialfor a relationship with burrowing owls as a phoretic host of infected fleas exists, we found noevidence of Y. pestis in sampled fleas or in owls that harbored them. We suggest that studiessimilar to those reported here during plague epizootics will be especially useful for confirmingthese results

Understanding and tackling snakebite envenoming with transdisciplinary research

Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of high global impact. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 4.5 to 5.4 million people are bitten by snakes annually, resulting in 1.8 to 2.7 million envenomings, 81,000 to 138,000 deaths, and at least 400,000 people suffering from physical or psychological sequelae. SBE mostly affects impoverished rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Latin America, and parts of Oceania, thus fueling a vicious cycle of poverty and illness. SBE not only affects humans, but also domestic animals, including livestock, with negative social and economic consequences. This requires a better understanding of the complex social, cultural, and ecological contexts where SBE occurs, within the conceptual frame of One Health, an integrated approach that recognizes the health of humans, animals, and the environment as closely linked and interdependent. Such complexity demands more integrative approaches for better understanding and confronting this disease. SBE has unique features that make its prevention and control challenging. Unlike many infectious diseases, SBE cannot be eradicated, but its incidence and impact can be reduced through effective programs aimed at better prevention and rapid access to treatment. This in turn demands the engagement of communities to improve the cohabitation of humans, domestic animals, and snakes in rural agroecosystems. In 2019, the WHO launched a strategy for the prevention and control of SBE, aimed at halving the deaths and disabilities caused by this NTD by the year 2030. This strategy is based on 4 pillars, i.e., empower and engage communities; ensure safe, effective treatment; strengthen health systems; and increase partnerships, coordination, and resources. Building on previous ideas and publications, this article discusses and advocates for transdisciplinary research on SBE and for promoting dialogue and collaboration between sectors, particularly by engaging communities affected by SBE at all levels of the research process

Understanding and tackling snakebite envenoming with transdisciplinary research

Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of high global impact. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 4.5 to 5.4 million people are bitten by snakes annually, resulting in 1.8 to 2.7 million envenomings, 81,000 to 138,000 deaths, and at least 400,000 people suffering from physical or psychological sequelae. SBE mostly affects impoverished rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Latin America, and parts of Oceania, thus fueling a vicious cycle of poverty and illness. SBE not only affects humans, but also domestic animals, including livestock, with negative social and economic consequences. This requires a better understanding of the complex social, cultural, and ecological contexts where SBE occurs, within the conceptual frame of One Health, an integrated approach that recognizes the health of humans, animals, and the environment as closely linked and interdependent. Such complexity demands more integrative approaches for better understanding and confronting this disease. SBE has unique features that make its prevention and control challenging. Unlike many infectious diseases, SBE cannot be eradicated, but its incidence and impact can be reduced through effective programs aimed at better prevention and rapid access to treatment. This in turn demands the engagement of communities to improve the cohabitation of humans, domestic animals, and snakes in rural agroecosystems. In 2019, the WHO launched a strategy for the prevention and control of SBE, aimed at halving the deaths and disabilities caused by this NTD by the year 2030. This strategy is based on 4 pillars, i.e., empower and engage communities; ensure safe, effective treatment; strengthen health systems; and increase partnerships, coordination, and resources. Building on previous ideas and publications, this article discusses and advocates for transdisciplinary research on SBE and for promoting dialogue and collaboration between sectors, particularly by engaging communities affected by SBE at all levels of the research process